Konuşmalarınıza dikkat edecek olursanız konuştuğunuz her sözün, her cümlenin kendinize ait olmadığını göreceksiniz. Bazen bir başkasının söylediği sözü biz nakledebiliriz. İşte başkasına ait olan bu sözleri naklederken ya "direct" (doğrudan) veya "Indirect" (dolaylı) anlatım kullanırız.

"Direct" (doğrudan) anlatım nedir?
"Direct" (doğrudan anlatım) bir kişinin söylediği sözlerin hiçbir değişikliğe uğramadan, ağızdan çıktığı gibi söylenmiş şeklidir.

Örnek:

Ertan told me, "I shall telephone her."
(Ertan bana: "Ona telefon edeceğim" dedi)

Mehmet asked me, "Which cinema are you going?"
(Mehmet bana: "Hangi sinemaya gidiyorsun" diye sordu.)

Yukarıdaki örneklerde gördüğümüz tırnak içindeki cümlelere "direct" (doğrudan anlatım) denir. Konuşanın ağzından çıktığı gibi söylenmiştir.

"indirect" (dolaylı) anlatım nedir?
"indirect" (dolaylı) anlatım bir kişinin söylediği sözlerin özünde değişiklik yapmadan biraz değiştirerek bir başkasına aktarılmış şeklidir.

Örnek:

Ertan told me he would telephone her.
(Ertan bana, ona telefon edeceğini söyledi.)

Mehmet asked me which cinema I was going.
(Mehmet bana hangi sinemaya gittiğimi sordu.)

Bu örneklerde gördüğümüz cümlelere "Indirect" (dolaylı) anlatım denir. Konuşanın ağzından çıkan sözler olduğu gibi aktarılmamış cümlenin özü aynen kalmış fakat bazı değişiklikler yapılmıştır.

"Direct" cümle iki kısımdan oluşur.

Ayşe tells me, "I meet him every day."
Giriş cümlesi ana cümle

Giriş cümlesi tırnağın dışında kalan kısımdır. Burada sözü kimin söylediği ve kime söylediği belirtilir.
Ana cümle tırnağın içinde kalan kısımdır. Burada konuşanın ağzından çıkan sözler vardır. (Değişikliğe uğrayan kısım burasıdır).
Giriş cümlesinde bulunan fiiller genellikle "tell, order, ask, answer, want to know, wonder, explain, say" fiilleridir.

Ayşe tells me, " .........."
The teacher orders them. " .........
He asks her, ".........."
They answer him. ".........."
We want to know, ".........."

"Say ve explain" fiillerinden sonra "to" getirilir.

Ayşe says to me,
He explains to her,

"Indirect" cümlelerinde "say ve explain" yerine genellikle "tell" kullanılr.

"DIRECT" cümleyi "INDIRECT" cümleye nasıl ÇEVİRİRİZ?
"Direct" bir cümle "Indirect" bir cümleye çevrilirken tırnak dışındaki cümlenin zamanı present = geniş zaman gurubundan ise tırnak içindeki cümlenin zamanında bir değişiklik yapılmaz.

Örnek:

Direct: (Tırnak dışı zamanlarına dikkat)
1- He tells me "I eat a lot of fruit"
Simple Present

2- He will tell me, "I eat a lot of fruit"
Simple Future

3- He has just told me, "I eat a lot of fruit."
Present Perfect

Indirect: (Tırnak içi cümlelerinin zamanları değişmez.)
1- He tells me that he eats a lot of fruit.
2- He will tell me that he eats a lot of fruit.
3- He has just told me that he eats a lor of fruit.

"Direct" bir cümle "indirect" cümleye çovrilirkrn tırnak dışındaki cümlenin zamanı past = geçmiş zaman ise tırnak içindeki cümlenin zamanı ne olursa olsun o da past = geçmiş zaman olur.

Örnek:

Direct:
He told me, "I eat a lot of fruit."
past present

Indirect:
He told me that he ate a lot of fruit.
past past

"Direct" cümle "Indirect" olurken ne gibi değişiklikler yapılır?

1- ÖZNE ve ZAMİR değişiklikleri
Bu değişikliği iyice anlamanız için şu sorulara dikkat edelim: Sedat tells me, "I have taken your book" (Sedat bana: "Kitabını aldım, diyor.")
1- Sözü kim söylüyor? Sedat
2- Sözü kime söylüyor? Bana
3- Sözü kim aktarıyor? Ben
4- Söz kime aktarılıyor? Başkasına.
öyleyse özne ve zamir değişikliği şöyle olur:

Sedat tells me he has taken my book. Sedat bana kitabımı aldığını söylüyor

Sedat tells Okan, "I have taken your book."
(Sedat Okan'a "Kitabını aldım" diyor.)

1- Sözü kim söylüyor? Sedat
2- Sözü kime söylüyor? Okan'a
3- Sözü kim aktarıyor? Ben
4- Söz kime aktarılıyor? Başkasına

Öyleyse;

Sedat tells Okan (that) he has taken his book.
Sedat Okan'a kitabını aldığını söylüyor

İlk örnekteki your değişirken my oldu.
İkinci örnekteki your değişirken his oldu.

Sedat tells me, "You have taken my book" (Sedat bana: "Kitabımı aldın" diyor.)
1- Sözü kim söylüyor? Sedat
2- Sözü kime söylüyor? Bana
3- Sözü kim aktarıyor? Ben
4- Söz kime aktarılıyor? Başkasına

Öyleyse;

Sedat telis me that I have taken his book.
Sedat bana (onun) kitabını aldığımı söylüyor.

Yukarıdaki üç örnekte görüldüğü gibi tırnak içindeki özne-zamir değişikliği, sözü söyleyene, sözün söylendiği kişiye göre değişebiliyor. Bu nedenle size tavsiyemiz "Direct" bir cümleyi "Indirect" cümleye çevirirken yukarıda sorduğumuz soruları teker teker kendinize sorup ondan sonra cümlede ne gibi değişiklikler yapacağınızı saptayın.

Konuşan	Direct	Indirect
He	I	he
	my	his
	me	him
	myself	himself
She	I	she
	my	her
	me	her
	myself	herself
He	you	I(we)
She	your	my(our)
They	yourself	myself(ourselves)
He	we	they
She	our	their
They	us	them
	ourselves	themselves

Örnekleri çoğaltalım:

Ramiz tells me, "I am enjoying myself"
Ramiz tells me he is enjoying himself.

Güzin tells Nazan, "I want to study in your room."
Güzin tells Nazan that she wants to study in her room.

Erdem explains to Erdal, "My shoes aren't cleaned yet, I will polish them."
Erdem tells Erdal (that) his shoes aren't cleaned yet, he will polish them.

The teacher tells them, "You are very late, you must sit in your place and wait."
The teacher tells them (that) they are very late and they must sit in their place and wait.

Mr. Brown tells his daughter, "You mustn't go out with your friends after nine in the evening."
Mr. Brown tells his daughter (that) she mustn't go out with her friends after nine in the evening.

Selma tells Hakan, "If you want to go out with me you must hurry."
Sel ma tells Hakan (that) if he wants to go out with her he must hurry.

2- ZAMAN ve YER değişiklikleri

Söylenen söz aynı günde ve aynı yerde aktarılıyorsa "Direct" cümledeki yer ve zaman zarflarında bir değişiklik yapılmaz. (Bu tip cümlelere çok nadir rastlanır).

Örnek:

(Konuşmanın yeri ve zamanı aynı)
Ahmet; "I'll sell my books here tomorrow."
Ahmet tells that he'll sell his books here tomorrow.

Söylenen söz farklı günde ve farklı yerde aktarılıyorsa "Direct" cümledeki yer ve zaman zarflarında değişiklik olur.

Örnek:

(Konuşmanın yeri ve zamanı farklı)
Ahmet, "I'll sell my books here tomorrow."
Ahmet told that he would sell his books there the following day.
"here" "there" oldu.
"tomorrow" "the following day" oldu.

Diğer değişiklikleri aşağıda inceleyelim:

now = then
yesterday = the day before (the previous day)
last week = the week before (the previous week)
tomorrow = the following day (the next day)
next week = the following week (the next week.)
today = that day
this = that
here = there
these = those

ÖZET:

"Direct" bir cümle "Indirect" cümleye çevrilirken;

1- Tırnak ve virgül kaldırılır.
2- Sözü söyleyene göre özne değiştirilir.
3- Sözün söylendiği kişiye göre zamir değiştirilir.
4- Cümledeki yer ve zaman zarflan konuşulan yere ve zamana göre değiştirilir.
5- Giriş cümlesi Present = geniş zaman ise tırnak içindeki cümlenin zamanı değişmez.
6- Giriş cümlesi Past - geçmiş zaman ise tırnak içindeki cümlenin zamanı değişir.
7- Düz cümlelerde bazen (that) bağlacı kullanılır.

Zaman değişikliklerini teker teker anlatmayı uygun bulduk. Örnekleri dikkatlice okuyup anlayınca bu işin zor olmadığını göreceksiniz.

TENSE(zaman)değişiklikleri:

Bu konuya başlarken tırnak dışındaki cümle past = geçmiş ise cümle "Indirect" olurken tırnak içindeki cümlenin zamanının mutlaka past = geçmiş şekle çevrilmesi gerektiğini söylemiştik. Şimdi bunu bir örnekle görelim:

Direct:
Sedat told me, "I am ill."

Indirect:
Sedat told me that he was ill. (Tırnak içindeki "am" "was" olarak değişti.)

Şüphesiz tek örnek yeterli olmayacaktır. Şimdi hem örnekleri çoğaltalım hem de zaman değişiklikleri neler oluyor görelim:

Direct	Indirect
is	was
am	was
are	were(was)

Örnek Cümleler:

Mary told me, "I am not happy."
Mary told me (that) she was not happy.

The teacher told Ahmet, "You are not early."
The teacher told Ahmet (that) he was not early.

John said to Jack, "We are studying here."
John told Jack that they were studying there.

Mr. White told the visitors, "My wife is leaving for Paris tomorrow."
Mr. White told the visitors (that) his wife was leaving for Paris the following day.

He told me, "The women are washing clothes."
He told me (that) the women were washing clothes.

Bob told his father, "I am doing my sister's work, she is looking out of the window."
Bob told his father (that) he was daing his sister's work, she was looking out of the window

Direct	Indirect
was	had been
were	had been

Örnek Cümleler:

Ali told me, "The boys were in London last month."
Ali told me (that) the boys had been in London the previous month.

The students said, "We were late this morning."
The students said that they had been late that morning.

John said, "My father was at the club at 10 o'clock last night."
John said that his father had been at the club at 10 o'clock the previous night.

Richard said, "David wasn't cycling to work at 10 a.m."
Richard said that David hadn't been cycling to work at 10 a.m.

Mary told her mother, "The servant was lying in bed all morning."
Mary told her mother (that) the servant had been lying in bed all morning.

The teacher said, "They were certainly doing nothing this morning."
The teacher said (that) they had certainly been doing nothing that morning.

Ahmet told Ayşe, "Ali was trying to do his homework while his father was watching T.V."
Ahmet told Ayşe (that) Ali had been trying to do his homework while his father had been watching T.V.

Direct	Indirect
shall	should (would)
will	would

"Shall ve will" ile yapılan Future = gelecek zamanı hatırlarsak "I ve we" özneleriyle shall, diğer öznelerle will kullanıldığını göreceksiniz. Bu nedenle "direct" cümlede;
I shall / We shall ile başlayan cümleler "Indirect" cümlede özne değişikliği olduğu için:

he would
she would
they would

olurlar, örnek cümlelerde bu değişikliğe dikkat ediniz:

Paul said, "I shall be able to see your father later."
Paul said that he would be able to see my father later.

The teacher promised, "We shall take you to the zoo next woek."
The teacher promised (that) they would take us to the zoo the next week.

Mary said to me, "He will be back later."
Mary said that he would be back later.

Mr. White said to me, "I shall have to see Mr. Brown."
Mr. White told me he would have to see Mr. Brown.

He promised me, "You will have enough money for a bicycle next year."
He promised me (that) I would have enough money for a bicycle the next year.

Direct	Indirect
have	had
has	had
have to	had to
has to	had to

Örnek Cümleler:

Richard said, "John has been ill."
Richard said that John had been ill.

Güzin told me, "We have seen that play before."
Güzin told me (that) they had seen that play before.

Susan told me, "John has to pay for these tickets."
Susan told me (that) John had to pay for those tickets.

The man told me, "The tourists had their lunch at this restaurant."
The man told me (that) the tourists had had their lunch at that restaurant.

Erdem said, "I haven't had enough time to read such a thick book."
Erdem said that he hadn't had enough time to read such a thick book.

Direct	Indirect
must	had to, veya would have to
needn't	didn't have to, veya wouldn't have to

"Must" ve "needn't" İngilizce'de iki ayrı anlamda kullanılır. Bu nedenle her bir anlam "Indirect" cümlede farklı değişikliğe uğrar. Şimdi bu anlamlan ve değişiklikleri örnekleriyle görelim.

MUST
1- "Must" konuşulan anda zorunluluk bildirir. (Geniş zaman anlamı taşır.)

I must go to Ankara now.
(Şimdi Ankara'ya gitmek zorundayım.)

Bu anlamı taşıyan must "Indirect" cümlede "had to" olarak değişir. (Geçmiş zaman anlamı taşır.)

He said, "I must go to Ankara now."
He said that he had to go to Ankara at once.
(Not: Bu tür cümlelerde now ya at once veya immediately diye değişir.)

2. "must" gelecek bir zaman için zorunluluk bildirir. (Gelecek zaman anlamı taşır.)

I must go to Ankara tomorrow. (Yarın Ankara'ya gitmek zorundayım.)

Bu anlamı taşıyan must "Indirect" cümlede "would have to" olarak değişir.

He said, "I must go to Ankara tomorrow."
He said that he would have to go to Ankara the next day.

3. "mustn't" yasak bildirir.

You mustn't sing in the classroom. (Sınıfta şarkı söylemeniz yasaktır.)

Cümledeki mustn't "Indirect" olurken olduğu gibi kalır, değişmez.

He said, "You mustn't sing in the classroom."
He said that we mustn't sing in the classroom.

NEEDN'T

1- "needn't" yapılacak işin o anda gerekli olmadığını bildirir. (Geniş zaman anlamı taşır.)

I needn't go to Ankara now.
(Şimdi Ankara'ya gitmek zorunda değilim.)

Bu anlamı taşıyan needn't "Indirect" cümlede "didn't have to" olarak değişir. (Geçmiş zaman anlamı taşır.)

He said, "I needn't go to Ankara now."
He said that he didn't have to go to Ankara immediately.

2- "needn't" yapılacak işin gelecek zamanda gerekli olmadığını bildirir. (Gelecek zaman anlamı taşır.)

I needn't go to Ankara tomorrow. (Yarın Ankara'ya gitmek zorunda değilim.)

Bu anlamı taşıyan needn't "Indirect" cümlede "wouldn't have to" olarak değişir.

He said, "I needn't go to Ankara tomorrow."
He said that he wouldn't have to go to Ankara the next day.

Örnek Cümleler:

Mary said, "I must leave the party at once."
Mary said that she had to leave the party at once.

The teacher said, "You must do your homework again before next week."
The teacher said that I would have to do my homework again before the following week.

Mother told her son, "You mustn't write on the wall."
Mother told her son he mustn't write on the wall.

Jack told Mary, "We must run or we'll miss the train."
Jack told Mary they had to run or they would miss the train.

The children said, "We must begin painting the walls tomorrow."
The children said that they would have to begin painting the walls the following day.

Mrs. White told her daughter, "You needn't wear this dress now, the red one is better.
Mrs. White told her daughter (that) she didn't have to red one was better.

The teacher said, "He needn't translate those lessons next week."
The teacher said that he wouldn't have to translate those lessons the next week.

Ayşe told me, "Ali must bring his records tomorrow."
Ayşe told me Ali would have to bring his records the next day.

Alper told Giinhan, "Your sister needn't type those letters now."
Alper told Giinhan his sister didn't have to type those letters immediately.

Mr. Brown told Jack, "If you want to be an engineer you must learn a second language."
Mr. Brown told Jack if he wanted to be an engineer he would have to learn a second language.

The police said, "The children mustn't play in the street.
The police said that the children mustn't play in the street.

Mr. Brown told us, "You must do the experiment now."
Mr. Brown told us (that) we had to do the experiment at once."

Direct	Indirect
can	could
may	might

Örnek Cümleler:

Mary told me, "My brother can't swim, he is seven years old."
Mary told me her brother couldn't swim, he was seven years old.

My father said, "I can come next month"
My father said that he could come the next month.

Mr. Brown told Jack, "Your friend can visit you when you finish your homework."
Mr. Brown told Jack his friend could visit him when the finished his homework.

Mrs.White told her son, "You may stay in bed until 10 o'clock."
Mrs. White told her son (that) he might stay in bed until 10 o'clock.

Ahmet said, "My father may be in his office."
Ahmet said that his father might be in his office.

Nazan said, "I may get my money today."
Nazan said that she might get her money that day.

Direct	Indirect
Simple Present	Simple Past
Simple Past	Present Perfect
Present Perfect	Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

Örnek Cümleler:

"Simple Present Tense" örnekleri
Mary said, "I always sleep in thi afternoons."
Mary said that she always slept in the afternoons.

Jack told me, "I don't want to study English at all.
Jack told me that he didn't want to study English at all.

Erdal said, "She knows whatever I ask."
Erdal said that she knew whatever he asked.

Mr. White told me, "My sons intend to go to university."
Mr. White told me (that) his sons intended to go to university.

Mrs. While said, "She doesn't help me when I ask her help."
Mrs. White said that she didn't help her when'she asked her help.

"The Simple Past Tense" örnekleri:
Mr. Brown told me, "I met your father last year."
Mr. Brown told me (that) he had met my father the previous year.

Mary said to Jack, "We didn't know what it was."
Mary said to Jack they hadn't known what it had been.

The teacher said, "I learnt your language last year."
The teacher said that she had learnt our language the previous year.

Mary said, "I didn't come to school yesterday because I was ill.
Mary said that she hadn't gone to school the day before because she had been ill.

My father told me, "Your friend hesitated before asking the question."
My father told me my friend had hesitated before asking the question.

My mother mentioned, "We had enough rice."
My mother mentioned that we had had enough rice.

"The Present Perfect Tense" örnekleri:
My husband told me, "I have bought a new bicycle."
My husband told me he had bought a new bicycle.

Paul said, "I haven't seen you before."
Paul said that he hadn't seen me before.

Ayşe told the teacher, "My father has helped me to do my homework."
Ayşe told the teacher her father had helped her to do her homework.

The tourist said, "I have never been here before."
The tourist said that he had never been there before.

My sister told me, "I have bought all those you see."
My sister told me she had bought all those I saw.

Erdal said, "Erdem has been very quick."
Erdal said that Erdem had been very quick.

"Present Perfect Continuous Tense" örnekleri:

My father said, "I have been smoking too much."
My father said that he had been smoking too much.

My sister told me, "The dog has been watching the cat since tea-time."
My sister told me (that) the dog had been watching the cat since tea-time.

My mother said, "Your father has been resting in the room all day because he has been ill.
My mother said that my father had been resting in the room ail day because he had been ill.

My friend told me, "I have been ringing the bell for the last ten minutes."
My friend told me (that) he had been ringing the bell for the last ten minutes.

The teacher said, "I have been trying to learn Chinese for years."
The teacher said that he had been trying to learn Chinese for years.

SORU CÜMLELERİNİN AKTARILMASI

Karşımızdakine soru sorarken bunu iki türlü yaparız.
Başına soru kelimesi (Ne, neden ... v.s) getirerek sorarız.

When did you see your uncle?
(Amcanı ne zaman gördün?)

Başına soru kelimesi getirmeden sorarız:
Did you see your uncle last night?
(Dün akşam amcanı gördün mü?)

Soru hangi şekilde sorulursa sorulsun "Indirect" cümleye çevirirken mutlaka düz cümle haline getirmek zorundayız.
önce düz bir cümleyi soru cümlesi haline nasıl getiriyoruz bunu hatırlayalım:

Düz bir cümleyi soru cümlesine çevirmek için (o cümlenin zamanına göre) başa yardımcı fiil getiriyorduk.

Düz : She has drunk two cups of coffee.
Soru : Has she drunk two cups of coffee?

Düz : Mehmet is learning English.
Soru : Is Mehmet learning English?

Düz : He telephoned his mother last night.
Soru : Did he telephone his mother last night?

Yukarıda yaptığımız işin tersini düşünürsek (özneyi başa alırsak) soru cümlesini DÜZ CÜMLE yapmış oluruz.
Is Ali washing his tace? (Soru cümlesi)
Ali is washing his face. (Düz cümle)
Has Ali washed his face? (Soru cümlesi)
Ali has washed his face. (Düz)
Can Ali wash his face here? (Soru)
Ali can wash his face here. (Düz)

Yukarıdaki örnek cümlelerde yardımcı fiil (ıs-has-can) olduğu için bu tür cümleleri kolaylıkla düz cümle haline getirebilirsiniz.
Düz cümleye çevirirken en çok zorlandığınız Simple Present (geniş zaman) ve Simple Past (geçmiş zaman) cümleleridir. Bunlara da bir kaç örnek verelim:

Simple Present (Geniş zaman)
Soru : Do you eat eggs at breakfast?
Düz : You eat eggs at breakfast. ("Do" kaldırıldı, cümle özne (you) ile başladı.)

Soru : Do the children play football here? (Do kaldırılır.)
Düz : The children play football here.

"Does" ile yapılan sorularda;
Soru : Does Ömer use his dictionary? (does kaldırılır, fiile s getirilir.)
Düz : Ömer uses his dictionary.

Soru : Does she wear glasses? (does kalkar fiil s alır.)
Düz : She wears glasses.

Simple Past (-di'li geçmiş zaman)
Soru : Did you wait for Mary? (did kalkar fiil ikinci şekle döner.)

Düz : You waited for Mary.
Soru : Did they arrive early?

Düz : They arrived early.
Soru : Did she go dancing?

Düz : She went dancing.

Şimdi soru cümlesini "Indirect" cümleye çevirelim:

Direct
Ali asks me, "Is Ayşe speaking to herself?"
(Ali bana: "Ayşe kendi kendine mi konuşuyor?" diye soruyor.)

Indirect
Ali asks me If Ayşe is speaking to herself.

Örnekte giriş cümlesi (Ali asks/me...) geniş zaman (present) olduğu için tırnak içindeki cümlenin zamanı değişmedi. Aynen düz cümlelerde olduğu gibi giriş cümlesi past = geçmiş zaman olsaydı tırnak içindeki cümlenin zamanım da past = geçmiş yapmak zorundaydık. Şimdi aynı örneği bir de past = geçmiş zaman olarak görelim:

Ali asked me "Is Ayşe speaking to herself?"
Ali asked me if Ayşe was speaking to herself.

Yukarıdaki örnekte ne gibi değişiklikler yaptık inceleyelim:
1- Giriş cümlesinden sonra gelen virgül ve tırnağı kaldırdık.
2- Soru cümlesini düz cümleye çevirdik.
3- Cümlenin zamanı past = geçmiş zaman olabilmesi için "is = was" olarak değiştirdik.
4- İki cümlenin arasına "if" ' bağlacı getirdik. (Bu bağlaç "whether" da olabilir.)

My father asked, "Are the apples sour?"
My father asked whether the apples were sour.

John asked, "Are you going to eat in the restaurant?"
John asked whether we were going to eat in the restaurant.

Mr. Brown wanted to know, "Does it take longer to go by bus or by train?"
Mr. Brown wanted to know if it took longer to go by bus or by train.

He asked me, "Do you buy your shirts at this shop?"
He asked me whether I bought my shirts at that shop.

She wondered* "Was your father ill?"
She wondered if my father had been ill.

He asked me, "Do you like my new house?"
He asked me if I liked his new house.

The teacher asked me, "Do you do your homework by yourself?"
The teacher asked me if I did my homework by myself.

My father asked us, "Did you come home after midnight?"
My father asked us if we had come home after midnight.

He asked the secretary, "Did you have to leave so early yesterday?"
He asked the secretary if she had to leave early the previous day.

My mother wondered, "Did you go to the cinema with John again?"
My mother wondered if 1 had gone to the cinema with John again.

She asked Jack, "Have you used my dictionary?"
She asked Jack if he had used her dictionary.

Demekki düz bir cümlenin "Indirect" cümleye çevrilişi ile soru cümlesinin "Indirect" e çevrilişi aynı oluyor, tek fark bağlaç olarak 'düz cümlede "that" soru cümlesinde "whether" veya "if" kullanılmasıdır. Zamanlardaki, öznelerdeki, zamirlerdeki, yer ve zaman zarflarındaki değişiklik aynen düz cümledekiler gibi oluyor.

Soru kelimeleri ile sorulan sorulara örnek:

Direct
Levent asks me, "Where will Yavuz meet his friend?

Indirect
Levent asks me where Yavuz will meet his friend.

Giriş cümlesi (Levent asks me ...) present = geniş zaman olduğu için tırnak içindeki cümlenin zamanı değişmedi. Eğer giriş cümlesi past = geçmiş zaman olsaydı tırnak içindeki zaman da past = geçmiş olacaktı. Aynı örneği past = geçmiş zaman olarak görelim:

Direct
Levent asked me, "Where will Yavuz meet his friend?"

Indirect
Levent asked me where Yavuz would meet his friend.

Yukarıdaki örneklerde gördüğümüz gibi:
1- Giriş cümlesinden sonra gelen virgül ve tırnağı kaldırırız.
2- Soru kelimesini bağlaç olarak kullanırız. (Burada bağlaç olan kelime where oldu.)
3- Soru cümlesini düz cümle h?.line getiririz.
4- Tırnak içindeki cümleyi past = geçmiş zamana çeviririz, (örnekte will = would oldu.)

Şimdi her iki soru tipiyle örnekler yapalım:
Mary asked me, "Is it snowing?"
Mary asked me if it was snowing.

The teacher wanted to know, "Have you seen our new library?"
The teacher wanted to know if we had seen our new library.

He asked me, "How many lessons have yo got?"
He asked me how many lessons we had got.

She asked her father, "Who was the last owner of this house?"
She asked her father who the last owner of that house had been.

He asked me, "Where did your mother put my new tie?"
He asked me where my mother had put his new tie.

The boy asked his mother, "Whose bag is that in my room?"
The boy asked his mother whose bag that in his room was.

Mary asked me, "When did you lose your watch?"
Mary asked me when I had lost my watch.

He asked her mother, "When will my father come?"
He asked her mother when his father would come.

Erdem asked Erdal, "How many eggs can you eat at breakfast?"
Erdem asked Erdal how many eggs he could eat at breakfast.

Mary asked me, "How old are you?"
Mary asked me how old I was.

"Shall" ile başlayan cümleler ya soru cümleleridir (Future = gelecek zamanda kullandır) veya fikir soran - izin isteyen cümlelerdir. Bu iki kullanış "Indirect" cümleye çevrilirken farklı olur.
Soru eümlelerindeki "shall" "Indirect" cümlede "would" olarak değişir.

Örnekler:

Direct

Mary wanted to know, "Shall I have the money soon?"
(Gelecek zaman soru cümlesi)

Indirect
Mary wanted to know if she would have the money soon.
(Mary parayı çok geçmeden alıp alamıyacağını öğrenmek istedi.)

She asked me, "Shall I like my new dress?"
She asked me whether she would like her new dress.

He wanted to know, "Shall we know the result tomorrow?"
He wanted to know if they would know the result the following day.

She asked, "Shall I enjoy the concert?"
She asked if she would enjoy the concert.

The teacher asked the students, "Shall I remember you next year?"
The teacher asked the students if he would remember them the next year.

Meral asked her teacher, "Shall I pass this year?"
Meral asked her teacher if she would pass that year.

İstek bildiren veya izin isteyen cümlelerde "shall" "indirect" cümlede "should" olarak değişir.Öörnekler

Direct
The servant wanted to know, "Shall I clean your bookcase?" (Fikir soran bir cümle.)
(Hizmetçi "Kitaplığınızı temizliyeyim mi" diye öğrenmek istedi."

Indirect
The servant wanted to know if she should clean his bookcase.
(Hizmetçi kitaplığını temizleyip temizlemiyeceğini öğrenmek istedi.)

Jack asked, "Shall I call a taxi?"
Jack asked whether he should call a taxi.

Mary asked her mother, "Shall I leave your bag in the room?"
Mary asked her mother whether she should leave her bag in the room.

Erdal asked me, "Shall I give Erdem his present now?"
Erdal asked me if he should give Erdem his present then.

I asked my father, "Shall I turn on the T.V.?"
I asked my father if I should turn on the T.V